਀吀栀攀 一漀戀攀氀 倀爀椀稀攀 椀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀  ㄀㤀㤀㔀 㰀⼀栀㈀㸀

F. Sherwood Rowland

਀㰀瀀㸀搀攀挀漀洀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀

਀圀栀攀渀 漀稀漀渀攀 椀猀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 椀琀 眀椀氀氀 搀攀挀愀礀 爀愀瀀椀搀氀礀Ⰰ 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 漀稀漀渀攀 椀猀 愀渀 椀渀猀琀愀戀氀攀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀 眀椀琀栀 愀 爀攀氀愀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 猀栀漀爀琀 栀愀氀昀ⴀ氀椀昀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 栀愀氀昀ⴀ氀椀昀攀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀 椀渀 眀愀琀攀爀 椀猀 愀 氀漀琀 猀栀漀爀琀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 椀渀 愀椀爀 ⠀猀攀攀 琀愀戀氀攀 ㄀⤀⸀㰀椀洀最 愀氀椀最渀㴀爀椀最栀琀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀㈀ 猀爀挀㴀∀㄀⸀最椀昀∀㸀 伀稀漀渀攀 搀攀挀愀礀猀 椀渀 眀愀琀攀爀 甀渀搀攀爀 搀爀椀渀欀椀渀最 眀愀琀攀爀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 ⠀瀀䠀㨀 㘀ⴀ㠀Ⰰ㔀⤀Ⰰ 瀀愀爀琀氀礀 椀渀 爀攀愀挀琀椀瘀攀 伀䠀ⴀ爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀昀漀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 愀猀猀攀猀猀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 愀渀 漀稀漀渀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀眀漀 猀瀀攀挀椀攀猀㨀 漀稀漀渀攀 愀渀搀 伀䠀ⴀ爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 伀䠀ⴀ爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀 愀爀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀漀洀椀渀愀渀琀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 椀琀 椀猀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 愀渀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀搀 漀砀椀搀愀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 ⠀䄀伀倀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀攀挀愀礀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀 椀渀 伀䠀ⴀ爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀 椀渀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 眀愀琀攀爀猀 椀猀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀椀稀攀搀 戀礀 愀 昀愀猀琀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀Ⰰ 昀漀氀氀漀眀攀搀 戀礀 愀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 瀀栀愀猀攀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 漀稀漀渀攀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀 戀礀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀爀搀攀爀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀猀 嬀㄀㔀崀⸀ 䐀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 焀甀愀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 栀愀氀昀ⴀ氀椀昀攀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀 椀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀愀渀最攀 漀昀 猀攀挀漀渀搀猀 琀漀 栀漀甀爀猀⸀ 䘀愀挀琀漀爀猀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀椀渀最 琀栀攀 搀攀挀漀洀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀 椀渀 眀愀琀攀爀 愀爀攀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 瀀䠀Ⰰ 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 搀椀猀猀漀氀瘀攀搀 洀愀琀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 唀嘀 氀椀最栀琀⸀ 䠀攀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 昀愀挀琀漀爀猀 昀漀爀 漀稀漀渀攀 搀攀挀漀洀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀攀搀⸀ 

਀䤀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 昀愀挀琀漀爀猀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀㄀⸀ 吀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀吀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 栀愀猀 愀渀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀昀ⴀ氀椀昀攀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀⸀ 吀愀戀氀攀 ㄀ 猀栀漀眀猀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀昀ⴀ氀椀昀攀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀 椀渀 愀椀爀 愀渀搀 眀愀琀攀爀⸀ 䤀渀 眀愀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀昀ⴀ氀椀昀攀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀 椀猀 洀甀挀栀 猀栀漀爀琀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 椀渀 愀椀爀Ⰰ 椀渀 漀琀栀攀爀 眀漀爀搀猀 漀稀漀渀攀 搀攀挀漀洀瀀漀猀攀猀 昀愀猀琀攀爀 椀渀 眀愀琀攀爀 嬀㄀崀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀漀氀甀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀 愀琀 栀椀最栀攀爀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀猀 愀渀搀 椀猀 氀攀猀猀 猀琀愀戀氀攀⸀ 伀渀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 猀瀀攀攀搀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀 昀愀挀琀漀爀 ㈀ 漀爀 ㌀ 瀀攀爀 ㄀　 뀀䌀 嬀㔀Ⰰ㘀崀⸀ 倀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 漀稀漀渀攀 搀椀猀猀漀氀瘀攀搀 椀渀 眀愀琀攀爀 挀愀渀渀漀琀 戀攀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 眀栀攀渀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀戀漀瘀攀 㐀　 뀀䌀Ⰰ 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 愀琀 琀栀椀猀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀昀ⴀ氀椀昀攀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀 椀猀 瘀攀爀礀 猀栀漀爀琀⸀

਀㈀⸀ 瀀䠀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀䄀猀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 愀戀漀瘀攀Ⰰ 漀稀漀渀攀 搀攀挀漀洀瀀漀猀攀猀 瀀愀爀琀氀礀 椀渀 伀䠀ⴀ爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀⸀ 圀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 瀀䠀 瘀愀氀甀攀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 伀䠀ⴀ爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀猀⸀ 䤀渀 愀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 愀 栀椀最栀 瀀䠀 瘀愀氀甀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 洀漀爀攀 栀礀搀爀漀砀椀搀攀 椀漀渀猀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀Ⰰ 猀攀攀 昀漀爀洀甀氀愀猀 戀攀氀漀眀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 栀礀搀爀漀砀椀搀攀 椀漀渀猀 愀挀琀 愀猀 愀渀 椀渀椀琀椀愀琀漀爀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 搀攀挀愀礀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀㨀

਀㄀                                      伀㌀ ⬀ 伀䠀ⴀ  鈀 䠀伀㈀ⴀ ⬀ 伀㈀             ਀㈀                                      伀㌀ ⬀ 䠀伀㈀ⴀ 鈀 ∀伀䠀 ⬀ 伀㈀ ∀ⴀ ⬀ 伀㈀   

਀吀栀攀 爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 搀甀爀椀渀最 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 ㈀ 挀愀渀 椀渀琀爀漀搀甀挀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 漀稀漀渀攀Ⰰ 挀愀甀猀椀渀最 洀漀爀攀 伀䠀ⴀ爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀 琀漀 戀攀 昀漀爀洀攀搀⸀

਀䤀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 琀栀攀 瀀䠀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀猀 愀挀椀搀⼀戀愀猀攀 攀焀甀椀氀椀戀爀椀甀洀猀 漀昀 猀漀洀攀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 愀渀搀 愀氀猀漀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 猀瀀攀攀搀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀猀 愀氀猀漀 琀漀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 猀挀愀瘀攀渀最攀爀 䌀伀㌀㈀ⴀⰀ 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 瀀䠀 搀攀瀀攀渀搀愀渀琀 ⠀倀欀愀 䠀䌀伀㌀㈀ⴀ⼀䌀伀㌀㈀ⴀ 㴀 ㄀　Ⰰ㌀⤀⸀

਀䘀椀最甀爀攀 ㄀ 猀栀漀眀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 搀攀挀愀礀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀 椀渀 愀 戀愀猀椀挀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀 椀猀 洀甀挀栀 昀愀猀琀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 椀渀 愀渀 愀挀椀搀 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀⸀

਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀䘀椀最甀爀攀 ㄀㨀 攀昀昀攀挀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀䠀 漀渀 琀栀攀 搀攀挀愀礀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀 ⠀吀 㴀 ㄀㔀 뀀䌀⤀

਀㌀⸀ 䐀椀猀猀漀氀瘀攀搀 猀漀氀椀搀猀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀䐀椀猀猀漀氀瘀攀搀 漀稀漀渀攀 挀愀渀 爀攀愀挀琀 眀椀琀栀 愀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 洀愀琀琀攀爀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀Ⰰ 瘀椀爀甀猀攀猀Ⰰ 戀愀挀琀攀爀椀愀Ⰰ 攀琀挀⸀ 䄀猀 愀 爀攀猀甀氀琀Ⰰ 漀稀漀渀攀 搀攀挀漀洀瀀漀猀攀猀 琀漀 漀琀栀攀爀 洀愀琀琀攀爀㬀 猀攀攀 昀椀最甀爀攀 ㈀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 昀椀最甀爀攀 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀昀ⴀ氀椀昀攀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀 椀渀 搀椀猀琀椀氀氀攀搀 眀愀琀攀爀 椀猀 洀甀挀栀 猀栀漀爀琀攀爀Ⰰ 挀漀洀瀀愀爀攀搀 琀漀 琀愀瀀ⴀ眀愀琀攀爀⸀

਀ ਀ ਀ ਀䘀椀最甀爀攀 ㈀㨀 伀稀漀渀攀 搀攀挀漀洀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 琀礀瀀攀猀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀 愀琀 ㈀　 뀀䌀⸀ ㄀ 㴀 搀漀甀戀氀攀ⴀ搀椀猀琀椀氀氀攀搀 眀愀琀攀爀㬀 ㈀ 㴀 搀椀猀琀椀氀氀攀搀 眀愀琀攀爀㬀 ㌀ 㴀 琀愀瀀 眀愀琀攀爀㬀 㐀 㴀 最爀漀甀渀搀眀愀琀攀爀 漀昀 氀漀眀 栀愀爀搀渀攀猀猀㬀 㔀 㴀 昀椀氀琀攀爀攀搀 眀愀琀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 䰀愀欀攀 娀甀爀椀挀栀 ⠀匀眀椀琀稀攀爀氀愀渀搀⤀㬀 㘀 㴀 昀椀氀琀攀爀攀搀 眀愀琀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䈀漀搀攀渀猀攀攀 ⠀匀眀椀琀稀攀爀氀愀渀搀⤀

਀伀稀漀渀攀 搀攀挀漀洀瀀漀猀攀猀 椀渀 眀愀琀攀爀 椀渀 伀䠀ⴀ爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀⸀ 䐀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀椀猀猀漀氀瘀攀搀 洀愀琀琀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀猀攀 挀愀渀 愀挀挀攀氀攀爀愀琀攀 ⠀挀栀愀椀渀ⴀ爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⤀ 漀爀 猀氀漀眀 搀漀眀渀 琀栀攀 搀攀挀愀礀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀⸀ 匀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀挀挀攀氀攀爀愀琀攀 琀栀椀猀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 愀爀攀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 瀀爀漀洀漀琀攀爀猀⸀ 䤀渀栀椀戀椀琀漀爀猀 愀爀攀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀挀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 猀氀漀眀 搀漀眀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀

਀圀栀攀渀 眀愀琀攀爀 椀猀 漀稀漀渀椀稀攀搀Ⰰ 漀渀攀 漀昀琀攀渀 甀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 ✀猀挀愀瘀攀渀最椀渀最 挀愀瀀愀挀椀琀礀✀⸀ 匀挀愀瘀攀渀最攀爀猀 愀爀攀 攀渀琀椀琀椀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 爀攀愀挀琀 眀椀琀栀 伀䠀ⴀ爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 猀氀漀眀 搀漀眀渀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀椀渀ⴀ爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀挀愀瘀攀渀最椀渀最 挀愀瀀愀挀椀琀礀 挀愀渀 戀攀 搀攀昀椀渀攀搀 愀猀 昀漀氀氀漀眀猀 嬀㄀㘀崀㨀

਀欀伀䠀ⴀ䐀伀䌀嬀䐀伀䌀崀 ⬀ 欀伀䠀ⴀ䠀䌀伀㌀ⴀ嬀䠀䌀伀㌀ⴀ崀 ⬀ 欀伀䠀ⴀ䌀伀㌀㈀ⴀ嬀䌀伀㌀㈀ⴀ崀

਀㐀⸀ 䌀愀爀戀漀渀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 戀椀挀愀爀戀漀渀愀琀攀

਀匀挀愀瘀攀渀最攀爀猀 猀氀漀眀 搀漀眀渀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀椀渀ⴀ爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀挀愀瘀攀渀最攀爀猀 眀椀琀栀 伀䠀ⴀ爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀 搀漀 渀漀琀 爀攀愀挀琀 眀椀琀栀 漀稀漀渀攀 愀渀礀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀⸀ 䌀愀爀戀漀渀愀琀攀 椀猀 愀 猀挀愀瘀攀渀最攀爀 眀椀琀栀 愀 猀琀爀漀渀最 攀昀昀攀挀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 挀愀爀戀漀渀愀琀攀 ⠀䌀伀㌀㈀ⴀ⤀ 挀愀渀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀 琀栀攀 栀愀氀昀ⴀ氀椀昀攀 漀昀 漀稀漀渀攀 嬀㔀Ⰰ㘀崀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀昀昀攀挀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 猀瀀攀攀搀 椀猀 栀椀最栀攀猀琀 愀琀 氀漀眀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 䄀戀漀瘀攀 ㈀ 洀洀漀氀ⴀ㄀ 昀漀爀 漀稀漀渀椀猀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 ㌀ 洀洀漀氀 氀ⴀ㄀ 昀漀爀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀搀 漀砀椀搀愀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 ⠀䄀伀倀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 搀攀挀爀攀愀猀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 猀瀀攀攀搀 椀猀 渀攀最氀椀最椀戀氀攀 嬀㘀崀⸀

਀圀栀攀渀 愀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 洀愀椀渀氀礀 甀渀搀攀爀最漀攀猀 椀渀搀椀爀攀挀琀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 ⠀眀椀琀栀 伀䠀ⴀ爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀⤀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀渀挀攀 椀渀 愀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 愀 栀椀最栀 瀀䠀 瘀愀氀甀攀 漀爀 愀渀 䄀伀倀ⴀ瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 猀挀愀瘀攀渀最攀爀猀 椀猀 甀渀搀攀猀椀爀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀挀愀瘀攀渀最攀爀猀 爀攀愀挀琀 瘀攀爀礀 昀愀猀琀 眀椀琀栀 伀䠀ⴀ爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 氀漀眀攀爀 琀栀攀 漀砀椀搀愀琀椀漀渀 挀愀瀀愀挀椀琀礀⸀ 䘀漀爀 琀栀椀猀 欀椀渀搀 漀昀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 愀 氀漀眀 猀挀愀瘀攀渀最椀渀最 挀愀瀀愀挀椀琀礀 椀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀⸀

਀䌀愀爀戀漀渀愀琀攀 ⠀䌀伀㌀㈀ⴀ⤀ 椀漀渀猀 愀爀攀 愀 洀甀挀栀 猀琀爀漀渀最攀爀 猀挀愀瘀攀渀最攀爀猀 琀栀愀渀 戀椀挀愀爀戀漀渀愀琀攀 ⠀䠀䌀伀㌀㈀ⴀ⤀ 椀漀渀猀 ⠀爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 猀瀀攀攀搀 䌀伀㌀㈀ⴀ㨀 欀 㴀 㐀Ⰰ㈀ ⨀ ㄀　㠀 䴀ⴀ㄀猀ⴀ㄀ 愀渀搀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 猀瀀攀攀搀 䠀䌀伀㌀ⴀ㨀 欀 㴀 ㄀⸀㔀 ⨀ ㄀　㜀 䴀ⴀ㄀猀ⴀ㄀⤀⸀ 吀栀愀琀 椀猀 眀栀礀 椀渀 愀渀 漀稀漀渀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 搀爀椀渀欀椀渀最 眀愀琀攀爀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀椀挀愀爀戀漀渀愀琀攀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 氀攀猀猀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 嬀㘀崀⸀ 䘀椀最甀爀攀 ㌀ 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀愀琀攀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀愀爀戀漀渀愀琀攀 爀愀琀椀漀Ⰰ 戀椀挀愀爀戀漀渀愀琀攀 爀愀琀椀漀 愀渀搀 瀀䠀⸀ ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀ 一愀琀甀爀愀氀 伀爀最愀渀椀挀 䴀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀一愀琀甀爀愀氀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀 ⠀一伀䴀⤀ 攀砀椀猀琀猀 椀渀 攀瘀攀爀礀 欀椀渀搀 漀昀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 眀愀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 椀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀搀 愀猀 搀椀猀猀漀氀瘀攀搀 漀爀最愀渀椀挀 挀愀爀戀漀渀 ⠀䐀伀䌀⤀⸀ 一伀䴀 爀攀搀甀挀攀猀 琀栀攀 焀甀愀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀愀琀攀爀 眀椀琀栀 爀攀最愀爀搀 琀漀 挀漀氀漀爀 愀渀搀 漀搀漀爀⸀ 伀稀漀渀攀 挀愀渀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 眀愀琀攀爀 琀爀攀愀琀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 爀攀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 一伀䴀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀渀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 一伀䴀 椀渀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 眀愀琀攀爀猀 挀愀渀 瘀愀爀礀 昀爀漀洀 　Ⰰ㈀ ጀ ㄀　 洀最 氀ⴀ㄀ 嬀㘀崀⸀ 吀栀攀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 一伀䴀 漀渀 漀稀漀渀攀 椀猀 琀眀漀昀漀氀搀⸀ 䐀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀礀瀀攀 漀昀 一伀䴀Ⰰ 椀琀 挀愀渀 戀攀 漀砀椀搀椀稀攀搀 搀椀爀攀挀琀氀礀 戀礀 一伀䴀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 琀栀攀 挀愀猀攀 昀漀爀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 攀愀猀椀氀礀 爀攀愀挀琀 眀椀琀栀 漀稀漀渀攀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 搀漀甀戀氀攀 戀漀渀搀猀Ⰰ 愀挀琀椀瘀愀琀攀搀 愀爀漀洀愀琀椀挀 挀漀洀瀀漀甀渀搀猀Ⰰ 搀攀瀀爀漀琀漀渀愀琀攀搀 愀洀椀渀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀甀氀瀀栀椀搀攀 嬀㄀㔀崀⸀ 伀渀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 伀䠀ⴀ爀愀搀椀挀愀氀猀 挀愀渀 爀攀愀挀琀 眀椀琀栀 一伀䴀 ⠀椀渀搀椀爀攀挀琀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⤀ 愀渀搀 愀挀琀 愀猀 愀 瀀爀漀洀漀琀攀爀 漀爀 愀猀 愀 猀挀愀瘀攀渀最攀爀⸀ In natural waters, it is difficult to determine the stability of ozone as a result of the indefinite effect of NOM. That means it is not possible to estimate the fraction that accelerates or slows down the reaction਀ ਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 ਀ ਀䤀 眀愀猀 戀漀爀渀 漀渀 䨀甀渀攀 ㈀㠀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㈀㜀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 漀昀 琀栀爀攀攀 猀漀渀猀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀洀愀氀氀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 伀栀椀漀 琀漀眀渀 漀昀 䐀攀氀愀眀愀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 栀漀洀攀 漀昀 伀栀椀漀 圀攀猀氀攀礀愀渀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀⸀  My father and mother had moved there the previous year when he took the position of Professor of Mathematics and Chairman of the Department at Ohio Wesleyan. All of my elementary and high school education was received in the Delaware public schools from an excellent set of teachers. The Delaware school system then believed in accelerated promotion, so that I entered first grade at age 5 and skipped the fourth grade entirely, with the result that I entered high school at 12 and graduated a few weeks before my sixteenth birthday. The college preparatory curriculum was strong on Latin, English, History, Science and Mathematics. The academic side of high school was easy for me, and I enjoyed it. In several summers of my early teens, the high school science teacher entrusted to me during his two week vacations the operation of the local volunteer weather station, an auxiliary part of the U.S. weather service-maximum and minimum temperatures and total precipitation. This was my first exposure to systematic experimentation and data collection.਀㰀瀀㸀 Our home was filled with books, and all of us were avid readers. My reading at that time ran toward naval history, which was complemented with realistic scale-models and simulated naval battles using an elaborate mathematical system for rating each warship and the effects of combat on them. During my sophomore year in high school, my math teacher, who also coached tennis and basketball, encouraged me to take up tennis - which led me onto the varsity tennis team for my junior and senior years, and into a full decade of intense athletic competition. As a senior, I played on the varsity basketball team.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 After graduation from high school in 1943, almost all of my male classmates immediately entered the military services. However, because I was still well under the compulsory draft age of 18, I enrolled at Ohio Wesleyan and attended the university year-round for the next two years. During these war years, only 30 or 40 civilian males were on campus, plus about 200 naval officer trainees and 1,000 women. With so few men available, I played on the University basketball and baseball teams, and wrote much of the sports page for the University newspaper.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 My accelerated academic schedule made me eligible for my final year of university in June, 1945, as I approached my 18th birthday. However, with the fighting in the Pacific and the continuing military draft, I enlisted in a Navy program to train radar operators. The Pacific war ended while I was still in basic training near Chicago, and I served the next year in several midwestern Naval Separation Centers, as the 10,000,000 Americans who had preceded me into the military were returned to civilian life. A major amount of this Navy time was devoted to competitive athletics for the Navy base teams, and I emerged after 14 months as a non commissioned officer with a rating of Specialist (Athletics) 3rd class. My first real opportunity to see the rest of the United States came when I was transferred to San Pedro, California for discharge from the Navy.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 I then hitchhiked 2000 miles back to Ohio, traveling through Yosemite and Yellowstone Park on the way.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 This year away from the academic life convinced me that at age 19, there was little reason for me to seek a quick finish to my undergraduate education. I therefore arranged my schedule to take two more years rather than one to graduate, and continued to play basketball on the university team. My coursework at Ohio Wesleyan emphasized science within a liberal arts curriculum, with more or less equal amounts of chemistry, physics and mathematics, and majors in all three fields. As had been the case in high school, I really enjoyed the academic side of university life.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 I do not honestly remember when the decision that I would go to graduate school was made. My father had studied for his Ph.D., and all of us took it for granted that I would, too. Furthermore, both my parents had firm convictions that the University of Chicago, which each had attended, was not just the best choice for graduate work, but the only choice. So I applied to the Department of Chemistry at the University of Chicago for Fall 1948, and was duly admitted. All service veterans were entitled to a certain number of months (27 in my case) of paid university education, and I had not used any of these credits during my undergraduate years at Ohio Wesleyan because faculty children did not pay tuition, and I lived at home. I therefore didn't apply for any of the teaching assistantships or academic fellowships, and was quite surprised after arriving in Chicago to find that many of my fellow students were being paid by the University to attend graduate school. In subsequent years, I was supported by an Atomic Energy Commission (A.E.C.) national fellowship.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 At that time, the Chemistry Department of the University of Chicago had a policy of immediately assigning each new graduate student to a temporary faculty adviser prior to the choice of an individual research topic. My randomly assigned mentor was Willard F. Libby, who had just finished developing the Carbon-14 Dating technique for which he received the 1960 Nobel Prize. Bill Libby (although I never called him anything but "Professor Libby" until I was more than 40 years old) was a charismatic, brusque (on first meeting, "I see you made all A's in undergraduate school. We're here to find out if you are any damn good!") dynamo, with a very wide range of fertile ideas for scientific research. I settled automatically and happily into his research group, and became a radiochemist working on the chemistry of radioactive atoms. Almost everything I learned about how to be a research scientist came from listening to and observing Bill Libby.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 The first nuclear reactor had been built by Enrico Fermi in 1942 under the football stands at the University of Chicago, and the post-war university had managed to capture many of the leading scientists from the Manhattan Project into the Physics and Chemistry departments. My impression at the time (and now in retrospect 45 years later) was that this was an unbelievably exciting time in the physical sciences at the University of Chicago. My physical chemistry course was taught by Harold Urey for two quarters and in the third quarter by Edward Teller; inorganic chemistry was given by Henry Taube; radiochemistry by Libby. I also attended courses on Nuclear Physics given by Maria Goeppert Mayer and by Fermi. (The chemistry student grapevine said, "Go to any lecture that Fermi gives on any subject"). Urey and Fermi already had been awarded Nobel Prizes, and Libby, Mayer and Taube were to receive theirs in the future.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 My thesis concerned the chemical state of cyclotron-produced radioactive bromine atoms. The nuclear process not only creates a radioactive atom, but breaks it loose from all of its chemical bonds. These highly energetic atoms exist only in very, very low concentration, but can subsequently be traced by their eventual radioactive decay. Bill Libby gave his graduate students an unusual amount of leeway in how they chose to use their time, and was a superb research superviser - supporting, encouraging, but never letting one forget that intensive critical thought, together with unrelenting hard work on experiments, underlay all progress in our research.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 My interest in competitive athletics also continued unabated in graduate school. Because of the atypical structure of its undergraduate college system, the University of Chicago, unlike almost all other American universities, permitted graduate students to compete in intercollegiate athletics. During my first graduate year, I played both basketball and baseball for the University teams. I continued to play baseball for the University during the spring for two more years, and spent both of those summers playing semi-professional baseball for a Canadian team in Oshawa, Ontario. Each winter I also played for several basketball teams around the city of Chicago.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Without a doubt, however, the major extracurricular event of those four years at the University of Chicago was meeting and then marrying on June 7, 1952, Joan Lundberg, also a graduate of the University. We have now shared more than 43 years of married life - and shared is really the descriptive word. I finished my Ph. D. thesis in August of 1952, and we went off to Princeton University in September of that year for my new position of Instructor in the Chemistry Department. Our daughter Ingrid was born in Princeton in the summer of 1953, and our son Jeffrey in Huntington, Long Island, in the summer of 1955.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 In each of the years from 1953-55, I spent the summer in the Chemistry Department of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. An early experiment there of putting a powdered mixture of the sugar glucose and lithium carbonate into the neutron flux of the Brookhaven nuclear reactor resulted in a one-step synthesis of radioactive tritium-labeled glucose, an article in Science, and a new sub-field of tritium "hot atom" chemistry. The A.E.C. also expressed considerable interest in this tracer chemistry, and offered support for continuation of the research.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 In 1956, I moved to an Assistant Professorship at the University of Kansas, which had just completed a new chemistry building including special facilities for radiochemistry. Contract support from the A.E.C. was already approved, and in place when I arrived that summer. Several excellent graduate students interested in radiochemistry joined my research group that summer, and were shortly joined by others and by a series of postdoctoral research associates, including many from Europe and Japan. This research group was very productive for the next eight years, chiefly investigating the chemical reactions of energetic tritium atoms and I moved through the ranks to a full Professorship. Both Ingrid and Jeff grew up knowing the members of the group - meeting everyone at our regular home seminars, and from an early age occasionally visiting the laboratory. During these Kansas years, too, the everyday routine was that the entire family came home for lunch. Later on in California, Ingrid and Jeff each worked regularly (but unpaid) drafting slide and journal illustrations for the chemistry department, and thereby continuing to know the members of my research group.਀㰀⼀瀀㸀 ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀ ਀